Module 3: Differentiation Rules

Calculus I – Study Guide

Learn Without Walls

1. Product Rule

d/dx [f(x) · g(x)] = f'(x) g(x) + f(x) g'(x)
Memory: "first-prime times second, plus first times second-prime."
Example: d/dx [x³ ln x] = 3x² ln x + x³(1/x) = 3x² ln x + x².

2. Quotient Rule

d/dx [f(x)/g(x)] = [f'(x) g(x) − f(x) g'(x)] / [g(x)]²
Memory: "low d-high minus high d-low, all over low squared."
Example: d/dx [(x + 1)/(x − 2)] = [(1)(x − 2) − (x + 1)(1)] / (x − 2)² = −3 / (x − 2)².

3. Chain Rule

d/dx [f(g(x))] = f'(g(x)) · g'(x)
Leibniz: dy/dx = (dy/du)(du/dx)

General Power Rule

d/dx [g(x)]n = n [g(x)]n−1 · g'(x)
Example: d/dx [(2x + 3)5] = 5(2x + 3)4 · 2 = 10(2x + 3)4.

4. Trigonometric Derivatives

FunctionDerivative
sin xcos x
cos x−sin x
tan xsec² x
cot x−csc² x
sec xsec x tan x
csc x−csc x cot x
The "co-" functions (cos, cot, csc) all have negative derivatives.

5. Implicit Differentiation

Procedure:
  1. Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
  2. Apply the Chain Rule to every y-term: d/dx [f(y)] = f'(y) · dy/dx.
  3. Collect dy/dx terms on one side, factor, and solve.
Example: x² + y² = 25 ⇒ 2x + 2y(dy/dx) = 0 ⇒ dy/dx = −x/y.

Common Combinations

ExpressionDerivative
eg(x)eg(x) · g'(x)
ln(g(x))g'(x) / g(x)
sin(g(x))cos(g(x)) · g'(x)
[g(x)]nn[g(x)]n−1 · g'(x)