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Session 4 Study Guide: Sampling: Who Did You Ask?

Data Science for Young Minds — Grade 3

Key Topics

TopicDetails
Why sampling is necessaryWhy sampling is necessary: you cannot survey 8 billion people
What a population isWhat a population is: the entire group you want to learn about
What a sample isWhat a sample is: the smaller group you actually study
The goalThe goal: make your sample look like the population
Random samplingRandom sampling: everyone has an equal chance of being selected
Stratified samplingStratified sampling: ensuring important subgroups are included
Why convenience sampling is tempting butWhy convenience sampling is tempting but dangerous
ActivityActivity: design 3 sampling strategies for the same research question
Selection biasSelection bias: your sample systematically excludes certain people
Self-selection biasSelf-selection bias: only people with strong opinions respond
Survivorship biasSurvivorship bias: you only see the successes, not the failures
Famous sampling failuresFamous sampling failures: the 1936 Literary Digest poll
Questions to askQuestions to ask: who was surveyed, how many, how were they selected?
Red flagsRed flags: tiny samples, convenience sampling, self-selected respondents
How news reports pollsHow news reports polls: what gets left out
ActivityActivity: evaluate 3 real polls or surveys for sampling quality

Lesson Summaries

Lesson 1: Why We Sample

You cannot ask everyone. Sampling lets you learn about a large group by studying a smaller one.

Lesson 2: Representative Sampling

Learn how to select a sample that looks like the population you are studying.

Lesson 3: When Samples Go Wrong

Explore real-world examples of biased samples that led to wrong conclusions.

Lesson 4: Evaluating Real Surveys

Practice evaluating real-world polls and surveys. Are the samples representative?

Review Questions

  1. Why cannot we just ask everyone?
  2. What is the difference between a population and a sample?
  3. What makes a sample 'good'?
  4. Can a sample ever be perfect?
  5. What is random sampling?
  6. What is stratified sampling?
  7. What is convenience sampling?
  8. Which sampling method is best?
  9. What is selection bias?
  10. What is self-selection bias?
  11. What is survivorship bias?
  12. What happened with the 1936 Literary Digest poll?
  13. What questions should you ask about any survey?
  14. What are red flags in survey reporting?
  15. How do news reports sometimes misrepresent polls?
  16. What is margin of error?