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Module 8: Polar & Complex Quick Ref

Polar ↔ Rectangular

x = r cosθ   y = r sinθ
r² = x²+y²   tanθ = y/x

Polar Curves

r=a: circle | θ=c: line
r=a±acosθ: cardioid
r=acos(nθ): rose
n odd: n petals | even: 2n

Complex Trig Form

z = r(cosθ+isinθ)   r=|z|=√(a²+b²)
Multiply: r₁r₂cis(θ₁+θ₂) | Divide: (r₁/r₂)cis(θ₁−θ₂)

DeMoivre's

[rcisθ]n = rncis(nθ)

nth Roots

wk=r1/ncis((θ+2kπ)/n)
k = 0, 1, ..., n−1
Multiple representations: (r,θ) = (r,θ+2nπ) = (−r,θ+π)